Test Driven Development (TDD) in Java – HelloWorld Examples

Damien FREMONT IT Tutorials, Tutorials, , , ,

Test-driven development is not about testing. Test-driven development is about development (and design), specifically improving the quality and design of code. The resulting unit tests are just an extremely useful by-product.

TDD life-cycle

Before explaining best practices, it is important to understand the TDD life-cycle.

  • Write the test
  • Run the test (there is no implementation code, test does not pass)
  • Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass
  • Run all tests (tests pass)
  • Refactor
  • Repeat

Result

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit5Parent;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;

@DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)
public class HelloWorld6FinalTest extends JUnit5Parent {

    @Test
    void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
        String expected = "Hello, World!!";
        HelloWorld6Final.main(null);
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @DisplayName("print Hello with parameter (expected, parameter)")
    @ParameterizedTest
    @CsvSource({
            "'Hello, Damien!', Damien",
            "'Hello, Jane!', Jane",
            "'Hello, John!', John",
    })
    void print_Hello_with_parameter(String expected, String parameter) {
        String[] args = {parameter};
        HelloWorld6Final.main(args);
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @DisplayName("exception bad format (description, expected, parameter)")
    @ParameterizedTest
    @CsvSource({
            "Param is empty,  bad arg (ex: Damien), ''  ",
            "Param is blanck, bad arg (ex: Damien), ' ' ",
            "Param is null,   bad arg (ex: Damien), null"
    })
    void exception_bad_format(String description, String expected, String parameter) {
        String[] args = {parameter.equals("null") ? null : parameter};
        Exception e = Assertions.assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
            HelloWorld6Final.main(args);
        });
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, e.getMessage());
    }
}

Specifications

This tutorial will implement the following specifications.

  • Print “Hello, World!”
  • Print “Hello, !”, where is a parameter
  • If parameter is not present, Print “Hello, World!”
  • If parameter is not null or empty, then exception “bad arg (ex: Damien)”

Steps

Order is important, next step is also solution to previous step. (in Git Projet, Just follow classes named HelloWorld*Test order)

  1. Start by developing Print "Hello, World!"
    1. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_World Complete the test
    2. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_World Run the test (test does not pass)
    3. HelloWorld Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass
  2. Repeat with Print "Hello, <MY NAME>!", where <MY NAME> is a parameter
    1. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_with_parameter Complete the test
    2. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_with_parameter Run the test (test does not pass)
    3. HelloWorld Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass
    4. HelloWorldTest#* Run all tests (tests pass)
  3. Repeat with If parameter is not present, Print "Hello, World!"
    1. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_World_by_default Complete the test
    2. HelloWorldTest#print_Hello_World_by_default Run the test (test does not pass)
    3. HelloWorld Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass
    4. HelloWorldTest#* Run all tests (tests pass)
  4. Refactor
    1. HelloWorldTest Migrate to JUnit5
    2. HelloWorld Use Ternary operator for inline condition
  5. Repeat with If parameter is not null or empty, then exception "bad arg (ex: Damien)"
    1. HelloWorldTest#exception_bad_format Complete the test
    2. HelloWorldTest#exception_bad_format Run the test (test does not pass)
    3. HelloWorld Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass
    4. HelloWorldTest#* Run all tests (tests pass)

Step 0 – Initial commit

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO: NEXT: Print "Hello, World!"
    }
}

Step 1

Start by developing Print "Hello, World!"

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Test;

public class HelloWorldTest extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_World() {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Not yet implemented!");
        // TODO: NEXT OUTPUT: super.getOutput()
    }
}

Run the test (test does not pass)

alt text

Complete the test

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

public class HelloWorld1Test extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_World() {
        String expected = "Hello, World!";
        HelloWorld1.main(null);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }
}

Run the test (test does not pass)

alt text

Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld1 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String text = "Hello, World!";
        System.out.println(text);
    }
}
alt text

Step 2

Repeat with Print "Hello, <MY NAME>!", where <MY NAME> is a parameter

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

public class HelloWorld2Test extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_World() {
        String expected = "Hello, World!";
        HelloWorld2.main(null);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_with_parameter() {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Not yet implemented!");
        // TODO: NEXT: Print "Hello, <MY NAME>!", where <MY NAME> is a parameter
    }
}

Complete the test

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class HelloWorld2Test extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Parameterized.Parameters
    public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
                {"Hello, World!", "World"},
                {"Hello, Damien!", "Damien"},
                {"Hello, Jane!", "Jane"},
                {"Hello, John!", "John"},
        });
    }

    private final String expected;
    private final String first;

    public HelloWorld2Test(String expected, String first) {
        this.first = first;
        this.expected = expected;
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_with_parameter() {
        String[] args = {first};
        HelloWorld2.main(args);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }
}

Run the test (test does not pass)

alt text

Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld2 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String text = args[0];
        System.out.println(String.format("Hello, %s!", text));
    }
}
alt text

Step 3

Repeat with If parameter is not present, Print "Hello, World!"

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class HelloWorld3Test extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Parameterized.Parameters
    public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
                {"Hello, World!", "World"},
                {"Hello, Damien!", "Damien"},
                {"Hello, Jane!", "Jane"},
                {"Hello, John!", "John"},
        });
    }

    private final String expected;
    private final String first;

    public HelloWorld3Test(String expected, String first) {
        this.first = first;
        this.expected = expected;
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_with_parameter() {
        String[] args = {first};
        HelloWorld3.main(args);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Not yet implemented!");
        // TODO: NEXT: If parameter is not present, Print "Hello, World!"
    }
}

Complete the test

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit4Parent;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;

@RunWith(Parameterized.class)
public class HelloWorld3Test extends JUnit4Parent {

    @Parameterized.Parameters
    public static Collection<Object[]> data() {
        return Arrays.asList(new Object[][]{
                {"Hello, World!", "World"},
                {"Hello, Damien!", "Damien"},
                {"Hello, Jane!", "Jane"},
                {"Hello, John!", "John"},
        });
    }

    private final String expected;
    private final String first;

    public HelloWorld3Test(String expected, String first) {
        this.first = first;
        this.expected = expected;
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_with_parameter() {
        String[] args = {first};
        HelloWorld3.main(args);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @Test
    public void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
        String expected = "Hello, World!!";
        HelloWorld4.main(null);
        Assert.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }
}

Run the test (test does not pass)

alt text

Write just enough implementation code to make the test pass

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld3 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO: NEXT: If parameter is not present, Print "Hello, World!"
        String text = args[0];
        System.out.println(String.format("Hello, %s!", text));
    }
}
alt text

Step 4

Refactor from JUnit4 to JUnit5

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit5Parent;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;

@DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)
public class HelloWorld5Test extends JUnit5Parent {

   @Test
   void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
      String expected = "Hello, World!!";
      HelloWorld5.main(null);
      Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
   }

   @DisplayName("print Hello with parameter (expected, parameter)")
   @ParameterizedTest
   @CsvSource({
           "'Hello, Damien!', Damien",
           "'Hello, Jane!', Jane",
           "'Hello, John!', John",
   })
   void print_Hello_with_parameter(String expected, String parameter) {
      String[] args = {parameter};
      HelloWorld5.main(args);
      Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
   }
}

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld5 {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO: NEXT: `If parameter is not null or empty, then exception "bad arg (ex: Damien)"`
        String text = hasNoArgs(args) ? "World!" : args[0];
        System.out.println(String.format("Hello, %s!", text));
    }

    private static boolean hasNoArgs(String[] args) {
        return args == null || (args != null && args.length == 0);
    }
}

Run all tests (tests pass)

alt text

Step 5

Repeat with If parameter is not null or empty, then exception "bad arg (ex: Damien)"

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit5Parent;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;

@DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)
public class HelloWorld5Test extends JUnit5Parent {

   @Test
   void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
      String expected = "Hello, World!!";
      HelloWorld5.main(null);
      Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
   }

   @DisplayName("print Hello with parameter (expected, parameter)")
   @ParameterizedTest
   @CsvSource({
           "'Hello, Damien!', Damien",
           "'Hello, Jane!', Jane",
           "'Hello, John!', John",
   })
   void print_Hello_with_parameter(String expected, String parameter) {
      String[] args = {parameter};
      HelloWorld5.main(args);
      Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
   }

   @Test
   void exception_bad_format() {
      // TODO: NEXT: `If parameter is not null or empty, then exception "bad arg (ex: Damien)"`
      throw new IllegalStateException("Not yet implemented!");
   }
}

Complete the test

HelloWorldTest.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

import com.damienfremont.blog.utils.JUnit5Parent;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.*;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;
import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.CsvSource;

@DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)
public class HelloWorld6FinalTest extends JUnit5Parent {

    @Test
    void print_Hello_World_by_default() {
        String expected = "Hello, World!!";
        HelloWorld6Final.main(null);
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @DisplayName("print Hello with parameter (expected, parameter)")
    @ParameterizedTest
    @CsvSource({
            "'Hello, Damien!', Damien",
            "'Hello, Jane!', Jane",
            "'Hello, John!', John",
    })
    void print_Hello_with_parameter(String expected, String parameter) {
        String[] args = {parameter};
        HelloWorld6Final.main(args);
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, getOutput());
    }

    @DisplayName("exception bad format (description, expected, parameter)")
    @ParameterizedTest
    @CsvSource({
            "Param is empty,  bad arg (ex: Damien), ''  ",
            "Param is blanck, bad arg (ex: Damien), ' ' ",
            "Param is null,   bad arg (ex: Damien), null"
    })
    void exception_bad_format(String description, String expected, String parameter) {
        String[] args = {parameter.equals("null") ? null : parameter};
        Exception e = Assertions.assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
            HelloWorld6Final.main(args);
        });
        Assertions.assertEquals(expected, e.getMessage());
    }
}

Run the test (test does not pass)

alt text

HelloWorld.java

package com.damienfremont.blog;

public class HelloWorld6Final {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        String name = getName(args);
        String text = String.format("Hello, %s!", name);
        System.out.println(text);
    }

    private static String getName(String[] args) {
        if (hasNoArgs(args)) {
            return "World!";
        }
        if(isNullOrEmpty(args[0])) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("bad arg (ex: Damien)");
        }
        return args[0];
    }

    private static boolean isNullOrEmpty(String arg) {
        return arg == null || arg.trim().isEmpty();
    }

    private static boolean hasNoArgs(String[] args) {
        return args == null || (args != null && args.length == 0);
    }
}

Run all tests (tests pass)

alt text

And it’s finished !!!

Conclusion

Test-driven development is not about testing.

Test-driven development is about development (and design), specifically improving the quality and design of code. The resulting unit tests are just an extremely useful by-product.

Source

References

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